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Special Lecture (invited)
Extensions of the Chinese Passive Construction: A Memetic Account
Xinren CHEN
Nanjing University
?$B?7?N!JFn5~Bg3X65:S(B??$B!HHo<:m)!I(B
It is said that a journalist beishizong [Lit. made to disappear] when he
was having interviews in Shanxi.
$B!J(B2$B!Kf&M'IA=R(B: $B!HHoIYM5!IE*@83h(B, ??$B0E>L(B
A web browser$B!G(Bs statement: A life of beifuyu [lit. made to become rich]
is beset with reefs.
Specifically, the V element in the prototypical construction is replaced by
an intransitive verb or phrase (like shizong meaning $B!H(Bdisappear$B!I(B in (1)),
an adjectival or nominal word or phrase (like fuyu meaning $B!H(Brich$B!I(B in (2));
the passive meaning is broadened or lessened to include affectedness by means
of imposition or hearsay; the construction is employed to convey dissatisfaction
and satire. In response to the new development, a variety of accounts have been
proposed from various disciplinary perspectives, such as cognitive semantics
(e.g. ?$BJ8Gn(B 2010), generative syntax ($B@PDj[[(B $B8U7z(B? 2005), cognitive grammar
($B2&FR(B 2011), cognitive pragmatics (e.g. $B?=CR4q(B 2011), sociopragmatics (e.g.
??$B7/(B 2010), and memetics ($B2+(B? 2011; $B7'1J(B? $BA=MV(B 2011), each contributing
some insights into the understanding of the new construction, such as its
structure, meaning, function, effect and reproduction. While the existing
memetic discussions succeed in defining the new passive construction as a
strong language meme and touching upon the root causes for its transmission
and replication, they leave much to be desired, such as why the new construction
is contagious among general Chinese public, why the new construction is favored
by the Chinese users as its hosts over other means of expression with equal
semantic meaning, and what role new media plays in the transmission of the new
construction. Thus, on the basis of these studies, this study seeks to present
a more systematic treatment of the new phenomenon in the light of memetics
(Blackmore 1998, 1999; Dawkins 1976, 1982, 2006; Distin 2005; He 2005, 2008,
2014; He & Chen 2014; Heylighen 1992, 1998; Leigh 2010; Powell 2006). The
author will argue, on the basis of contextualized data involving the use of the
new passive construction, that (1) the new passive construction as a language
meme derives its power replication from its echoing effect on the target hosts;
(2) the new passive construction as a language meme acquires its
expressive power
from its euphemistic effect appropriate to the Chinese socio-cultural
context; and
(3) the new passive construction as a language meme owes its power of
transmission
to the easy and convenient access and output enabled by new media. It
is hoped that
this study will reveal why and how the prototypical Chinese passive construction
can undergo the afore-mentioned syntactic, semantic and functional extensions
characterizable as a process of memetic transmission in particular,
and demonstrate
how a memetic approach is applicable to the expatiation of syntactic evolution
in general.
References
Blackmore, S. 1998. Imitation and the definition of a meme. Journal of Memetics?
Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission.
http://jom-emit.cfpm.org/1998/vol2.blackmore_s.html, (2).
Blackmore, S. 1999. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. 2006.The Selfish Gene: The 30th Anniversary Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Distin, K. 2005. The Selfish Meme: A Critical Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Heylighen, F. 1992. Selfish memes and the evolution of cooperation. Journal of
Ideas, 4: 145-47.
Heylighen, F. 1998. What makes a meme successful$B!)(BSelection criteria for cultural
evolution. Jean, R. Proceedings 15th International Congress on Cybernetics.
Namur: de Cybern$(D+1(B?tique, 423-418.
Leigh, H. 2010. Genes, Memes, Culture, and Mental Illness: Toward an Integrative
Model. Springer.
Powell, G. 2006. Memes. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Language
and Linguistics
(Second edition). Oxford: Elsevier, 6-8.
?$BJ8Gn(B 2010 ??$B?77?!HHo(B+X$B!I(B?$(DC($BE*(B???$BCN2r(B?$B!$!TEvBe=$<-3X!UBh(B4$B4|!$(B80-87.
$B2?<+A3(B. 2005. ?$B8@CfE*LO0x(B.$B!T(B?$B8@2J3X!U(B, (6): 54-64.
$B2?<+A3(B. 2008. ?$B8@LO0x5ZB6=$<-ZC(B?. $B!T30(B?$B3X4)!U(B, $B!J(B1$B!K!'(B68-73.
$B2?<+A3(B. 2014. $BN.9T(B?$BN.9TE*LO0x(B?$B2r(B?. $B!T;3(B?$B30(B?$B653X!U!$!J(B2$B!K(B.
$B2+(B? 2011 $BP:LO0x(B??$B3QC5@O(B??$BLO0x!HHo(BXX$B!I!$!T309q(B?$BJ8!UBh(B6$B4|!$(B26-28.
$B6b=)(B $BNONL(B 2011 $B@u@O!HHo(BXX$B!I?7(B?$(DC($B!$!T=y=#(B?$BgwBg3X3X(B?( $BE/3X]5ZB6(B?$BMQ@.0x!$!T@>0B309q(B?$BBg3X3X(B?$B!U(B1: 41-44.
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